Common Name: Vetch
Scientific Name: Vicia species
Family: Fabaceae (the Legume or Pea or Bean family)
One tiny plant… so many functions!
Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa)
Common Species:
- American/Purple Vetch (Vicia americana) – perennial; fair flavor (top photo)
- Carolina Wood Vetch or Pale Vetch (Vicia caroliniana) – perennial
- Tufted/Bird/Cow Vetch (Vicia cracca) – perennial; poor flavor; good forage crop used with cattle
- Bitter Vetch or Burçak (Vicia ervilia) – annual; poor flavor; good forage crop used with sheep/cattle
- Fava/Broad/Field Bean (Vicia faba) – annual; excellent flavor; very good short-lived groundcover
- Common/Garden Vetch or Winter Tares (Vicia sativa) – annual; seeds have fair flavor; leaves/shoots/pods edible; good forage crop used with cattle/horses; very good groundcover
- Wood Vetch (Vicia sylvatica) – perennial
- Hairy/Fodder/Large Russian Vetch (Vicia villosa) – annual or perennial in warmer climates – Winter hardy; poor flavor; forage crop; popular Winter cover crop
Description:
Vicia is a genus of about 140 species of legumes commonly known as Vetch. These rambling, nitrogen-fixing vines are found around the world and used for food, animal forage, and green manures. They are pioneer plants helping to rehabilitate damaged lands, and their deep roots mine minerals which enrich and stabilize soils. They attract all sorts of beneficial insects and can be used as a groundcover. One annual species also happens to be one of my favorite beans: the Fava Bean! This is a wonderful plant to use on pastures, new swales, and in the initial phases of Forest Garden creation… truly a multi-purpose plant!
History:
Native and widespread around the world, Vetches are naturally found on all continents but Australia (and Antarctica of course). Because they were introduced in Australia, the Vetches are now found across the globe. It is likely that Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia) was one of the first domesticated crops being grown in the Middle East (Near East) almost 10,000 years ago! Over time, different species of Vetch have been used around the world by indigenous people groups as well as pioneers as primary or supplementary food sources. Most Vetch species today are used as fodder and forage for livestock, but a few have been selected for human consumption, especially the Broad Bean (Fava Bean).
Trivia:
- American Vetch (Vicia americana), Cow Vetch (Vicia cracca), and Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) have a taproot that may dive up to 40 inches (1 meter) deep. Other species may have taproots, but no reliable information can be found.
- American (Vicia americana) has both a taproot and rhizomes and is drought-tolerant.
- The Fava/Broad Bean (Vicia faba) can be used to make the popular Middle Eastern food, Falafel. Ground fava beans, chickpeas, or both are used to make the ball or patty which is then deep fried.
- The Fava/Broad Bean (Vicia faba) can be inoculated with the rhodospirillacean bacterium Azospirillum brasilense and the glomeracean fungus Glomus clarum, and then the Fava Bean can also be grown in salty soils.
Primary Uses:
- Edible Shoots – young shoots are edible before they become fibrous; typically cooked*
- Edible Leaves – young leaves are edible before they become fibrous; have a mild bean/spinach flavor; typically cooked; Leaves have been used as a tea substitute
- Edible Pods – Only the very young pods are truly edible; use like green beans, typically cooked.*
- Edible Seeds – Can produce medium to very large seeds or “beans”. These can be eaten fresh (raw or cooked); the good-flavored ones taste like a mix between lima beans and peas. They can be dried and used like any dried bean; these have a dense, thick texture and are quite good with a flavor reminiscent of chickpeas/garbanzo beans.*
- Flour – Seeds can be dried and ground into a flour; best when mixed with cereal flours.
- *(flavor and palatability varies with the species with the Broad or Fava Bean (Vicia faba) having the best flavor)
Secondary Uses:
- General insect (especially bees) nectar plant
- Shelter plant for beneficial insects
- Lacewings prefer to lay eggs on this plant
- Parasitic Wasps prefer to rest and hide on this plant
- Carnivorous Beetles prefer to live near this plant
- Spiders prefer to live near this plant
- Pioneer Species– helps reestablish overused or damaged land
- Nitrogen Fixing Plant – this plant creates its own nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms (bacteria) in its roots. It typically produces an excess of nitrogen that can be used by neighboring plants. This is a leguminous plant; Pea inoculation groups.
- Dynamic Accumulator Species – Potassium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen
- Groundcover Plant – vining/running or scrambling plant, can rise up to 4 feet (1.2 meters) without support, but typically only about half that height
- Green Manure Crop – plants are chopped and dropped (or often tilled under – NOT recommended by me!) to provide the beneficial nutrients accumulated by these plants to other surrounding plants
- Fodder Crop/Animal Feed Plant – typically only with ruminants, and in moderation. Too much has the potential to cause toxicity. As always, variety is best!
- Fiber Plant – Vicia faba from the stems
- String Plant – Vicia villosa from the roots
Yield: Variable and depends on what is being harvested, the species, and the location
Harvesting: Seeds are typically harvested late Summer and early Autumn… but this is very dependant on the species, where it is grown, and when it was planted. Obviously, young pods which contain the immature seeds/beans are harvested sooner. Young leaves can be harvested at anytime they are available, but before they get too large and fibrous. Pods/Seeds can be harvested in Spring if the plants were allowed to over-Winter.
Storage: Use fresh leaves, pods, and seeds within a few days. Dried seeds (beans) can be stored for years (decades?) if kept cool, dark, and dry.
- American/Purple Vetch (Vicia americana): Zone 3-7
- Carolina Wood Vetch (Vicia caroliniana): Zone 3-11
- Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca): Zone 4-11
- Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia): annual
- Fava Bean (Vicia faba): annual
- Common Vetch (Vicia sativa): Zone 5
- Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa): Zone 4 (Zone 3 with snow cover)
- Carolina Wood Vetch (Vicia caroliniana): Zone 12-1
- Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca): Zone 12-1
- Fava Bean (Vicia faba): Zone 10-6
- Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa): Zone 8-1
Chill Requirement: Likely considering where this plant originates, but no reliable information is available.
Plant Type: Herbaceous Vine (most are perennial)
Leaf Type: Evergreen or Deciduous depending on the species and location. Most of the deciduous Vetches are frost tolerant, and will often Winter-over without losing their leaves if the Winter is not too harsh.
Forest Garden Use: Climbing Layer, Groundcover Layer, Herbaceous Layer
Cultivars/Varieties: There are a number of varieties and species available
Pollination: Self-fertile; pollinated by bees
Flowering: Spring through Autumn – again depending on the species, location, and planting time
Life Span: No good information available as we typically harvest or till before they expire.
Size:
- American/Purple Vetch (Vicia americana): 3 feet (90 cm) tall and wide
- Carolina Wood Vetch (Vicia caroliniana): 1-5 feet (30-150 cm) tall and wide
- Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca): 6 feet (180 cm) tall and wide
- Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia): 2 feet (60 cm) tall and wide
- Fava Bean (Vicia faba): 3.3 feet (100 cm) tall and wide
- Common Vetch (Vicia sativa): 4 feet (120 cm) tall and wide
- Wood Vetch (Vicia sylvatica): 2-6 feet (60-180 cm) tall and wide
- Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa): 4-6 feet (120-180 cm) tall and up to 12 feet (360 cm) wide
Roots: Deep Fibrous or Deep Taproots or Rhizomatous depending on the species
Growth Rate: Medium-Fast
Light: Full to partial sun
Shade: Tolerates light to full shade depending on the species
Moisture: Prefers medium moisture soils.
pH: 6.1-7.0 (prefers mildly acidic soil conditions)
Special Considerations for Growing:
None.
Propagation:
Typically from seed. Pre-soaking or scarifying the seeds may increase germination rates; however, at least with the Fava Beans I have grown, this was not needed.
Maintenance:
None.
Concerns:
- Favism – Fava Beans should be avoided in people with G6PD-deficiency as they have the possibility of developing hemolytic anemia, a condition where the red blood cells breakdown. The fava bean-induced hemolytic anemia is named “Favism”. While all people with favism have G6PD-deficiency, not all people with G6PD-deficiency will develop favism when they eat fava beans.
- Poisonous – while not containing any specific toxins, Vetch contains certain chemicals which have the ability to block the absorption of essential nutrients. If too much of this plant is eaten for too long, then people and animals can develop deficiencies which can cause minor to significant health problems. Moderation is the key!
- Invasive – because many species of Vetch are fast growing and can fix their own nitrogen, they can spread easily in damaged landscapes. Some species can “strangle” smaller, neighboring plants with their tendrils. I would not introduce these species to a functional ecosystem.
