Objects of surveying:
-
The primary object of survey is the preparation of plan estate or buildings roads, railways, pipelines, canals, etc. Or to measure area of field, state, nation.
-
Object of geodetic surveying is to determine precise positions on the surface of the earth of widely distant points.
Uses of Surveying:
-
To prepare a topographical map this shows the hills, valley, rivers, villages, town, etc, of a country.
-
To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields houses, and other properties.
-
To prepare an engineering map to show details like roads, railways, canals, etc.
-
To prepare military map showing roads and railways, communication with different parts of country.
-
To prepare contour map and to determine capacity of a reservoirs and ton find the best possible route for roads, railways etc.
-
To prepare archeological map including places where ancient relics exist.
-
To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.
Principles of surveying:
There are two fundamental principles.
-
To work from the whole to the part.
-
Control points: – triangulation of traversing.
-
Triangulation divided into large triangle.
-
Triangles- subdivided in to small triangles
-
To control and localize minor errors.
-
On the other hand –It we work from the part of the whole; small errors are magnified & uncontrollable at the end.
-
To fix the position of new stations by at least two independent process. The stations are fixed from points already fixed by
-
Linear measurement or
-
Angular measurements or B
-
Both the linear and angular measurements.
E.g. Chain surveying- main lines & stations points are checked by means of check or tie lines.