Objects of surveying:
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The primary object of survey is the preparation of plan estate or buildings roads, railways, pipelines, canals, etc. Or to measure area of field, state, nation.
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Object of geodetic surveying is to determine precise positions on the surface of the earth of widely distant points.
Uses of Surveying:
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To prepare a topographical map this shows the hills, valley, rivers, villages, town, etc, of a country.
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To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields houses, and other properties.
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To prepare an engineering map to show details like roads, railways, canals, etc.
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To prepare military map showing roads and railways, communication with different parts of country.
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To prepare contour map and to determine capacity of a reservoirs and ton find the best possible route for roads, railways etc.
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To prepare archeological map including places where ancient relics exist.
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To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.
Principles of surveying:
There are two fundamental principles.
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To work from the whole to the part.
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Control points: – triangulation of traversing.
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Triangulation divided into large triangle.
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Triangles- subdivided in to small triangles
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To control and localize minor errors.
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On the other hand –It we work from the part of the whole; small errors are magnified & uncontrollable at the end.
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To fix the position of new stations by at least two independent process. The stations are fixed from points already fixed by
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Linear measurement or
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Angular measurements or B
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Both the linear and angular measurements.
E.g. Chain surveying- main lines & stations points are checked by means of check or tie lines.
