The development of soil profile is a constructive process where in disintegrated material resulted from weathering of rocks and minerals gets converted into a soil body.
Definition of soil profile: The vertical section of the soil showing the various layers from the surface to the unaffected parent material is known as a soil profile.
The various layers are known as horizons. A soil profile contains three main horizons.
They are named as horizon A, horizon B and horizon C.
The surface soil or that layer of soil at the top which is liable to leaching and from which some soil constituents have been removed is known as horizon A or the horizon of eluviation.
The intermediate layer in which the materials leached from horizon A have been re-deposited is known as horizon B or the horizon of illuviation.
The parent material from which the soil is formed is known as horizon C.
A Study of soil profile is important as it is historic record of all the soil forming processes and it forms the basis for the study in pedagogical investigations.
Soil profile is the key for the soil classification and also forms the basis for the practical utility of soils.
A hypothetical mineral soil profile will include O, A, B, C and R master horizons and all the possible sub-horizons.
Master horizons and sub horizons
O horizon: It is called as organic horizon. It is formed in the upper part of the mineral soil, dominated by fresh or partly decomposed organic materials.
This horizon contains more than 30% organic matter if mineral fraction has more than 50 % clay (or) more than 20 % organic matter if mineral fraction has less clay.
The organic horizons are commonly seen in forest areas and generally absent in grassland, cultivated soils.
O1 – Organic horizon in which the original forms of the plant and animal residues can be recognized through naked eye.
O2 – Organic horizon in which the original plant or animal matter can not be recognized through naked eye.
- A horizon – Horizon of organic matter accumulation adjacent to surface and that has lost clay, iron and Aluminium.
A1 – Top most mineral horizon formed adjacent to the surface. There will be accumulation of humified organic matter associated with mineral fraction and darker in Colour than that of lower horizons due to organic matter.
A2 – Horizon of maximum eluviation of clay, iron and aluminium oxides and organic matter. Loss of these constituents generally results in accumulation of quartz and other sand and silt size resistant minerals. Generally lighter in Colour than horizons above and below.
A3 – A transitional layer between A and B horizons with more dominated properties of A1 or A2 above than the underlying B horizon. This horizon is sometimes absent. Solum.
- B horizon – Horizon in which the dominant features are accumulation of clay, iron, aluminium or humus alone or in combination. Coating of sesquioxides will impart darker, stronger of red Colour than overlying or underlying horizons.
B1 – A transitional layer between A and B. More like A than B.
B2 – Zone of maximum accumulation of clay, iron and aluminium oxide that may have moved down from upper horizons or may have formed in situ. The organic matter content is generally higher and Colour darker than that of A2 horizon above.
B3 – Transitional horizon between B and C and with properties more similar to that of overlying B2 than underlying C.
- C horizon – It is the horizon below the solum (A + B), relatively less affected by soil forming processes. It is outside the zone of major biological activity. It may contain accumulation of carbonates or sulphates, calcium and magnesium
- R – Underlying consolidated bed rock and it may or may not be like the parent rock from which the solum is formed.
Besides, lower case letters are used to indicate the special features of master horizons. This case letters follow the subdivisions of master horizons. E.g. Ap – ploughed layer, B2t – illuvial clay
When two or more genetically unrelated (contrasting) materials are present in a profile as in the case of alluvial or colluvial soils then the phenomenon is known as lithological discontinuity. This is indicated by the use of Roman letters as prefixes to the master horizons. E.g. Ap, B2, II B22, IIIC.
Special Features:
Soil Individual or Polypedon: The Soil Survey Staff (1960) defined the soil individual or polypedon (Pedon, Ground) as a natural unit of soil that differs from its adjoining unit on the landscape in one or more properties.
The term pedon has been proposed for small basic soil entities that are part of the continuum mantling the land.
A pedon is the smallest volume that can be called “a soil”. The set of pedon must fit within the range of one series and occur in a contiguous group to form a polypedon.
A polypedon is therefore, defined as a contiguous similar pedons bounded on all sides by “not-soil or by pedons of unlike characters. It is a real physical soils body which has a minimum area of more than 1 sq. km and an unspecified maximum area.
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