The dummy level is simple compact and stable. Dummy level is the most commonly used level. It is cheaper, and easier to maintain in adjustment. Part of the dummy level Leveling head Telescope Eyepiece Diaphragm Focusing screw Ray shade Level…
Classification of leveling 1. Different leveling: It is the operation of leveling to determine the elevations of points. Some distance a part or to establish bench marks. 2. Check leveling: It is the operation of running levels for the purpose…
The purpose of topographic survey is to get the necessary data to produce a topographic map of the earth’s surface. This map will include contour lines, location of natural features, such as streams, gullies, and ditches and man-made features like…
Over the land surface, for the generation of runoff, the primary source of water is Rainfall. A part of rainfall that intercepted by the vegetation, buildings and other objects and prevented to reach them on grand surface is called as…
Runoff arte and volume from an area mainly influenced by following two factors A. Climatic factors.B. Physiographical Factors. A. Climate factors: It is associated with characteristics of which includes. 1.Types of Precipitation: It has great effect on the runoff. E.g.…
Direct Runoff The part of runoff which enters the stream quickly after the rainfall or snow melting. To design soil conservation structure with proper capacity it is necessary to estimate peak runoff rate. Peak runoff Rate: It is the maximum…
Runoff Coefficient is the ratio of between the peak runoff rate and intensity of rainfall. The Rational Method is based upon following Two Assumptions: 1. Rainfall occurs at uniform intensity for duration at least equal to the time of concentration…
Unites of measurement of water: Water is measured under two conditions –at rest and in motion water Water at rest: [Water in reservoirs ponds soil, tank] it is measured in units of volume such as liter, cubic meters, hectare centimeter…
is open channel type measuring devices that operates whit a small drop in head. The loss of head for free flow limit is only about 25%of that weir sand or silt in the flowing water does not affect its operation…
Orifices in open channels are usually circular or rectangular opening in vertically bulkhead through water flows. The edge of opening is sharp and often constructed of metal. Free flow orifices: It can be used to measure comparatively small stream like…
